Marine aquaculture or marine farming includes the farming of marine organisms for food and other animal products in enclosed parts of the open ocean, in coastal waters fish farms, or in artificial tanks, ponds, or channels filled with seawater. Examples of the latter include raising fins and crustaceans such as shrimp, and marine fish such as oysters and seaweed in saltwater ponds. Non-food products produced by marine aquaculture include: Fish meal, nutritional agar, jewelry, cosmetics. One of the innovative concepts is the construction of a “marine farm park” that will benefit from the vertical integration of operations from farming to processing and packaging within the community-based marina zone. Duty exemption and tariff relief programs within the zone will attract foreign and local investment capital and the participation of fishermen will create employment within the designated zones. Marine aquaculture parks also facilitate commercial development with infrastructure support, ice plants, economic access to research facilities, and access to supply and export markets. Marine aquaculture parks will give developing countries a competitive advantage in the world's fastest growing food industry, while liberating natural water resources from the ocean and agriculture. It will also increase employment, income generation, women's empowerment, exports and foreign exchange trading. Similar to seaweed farming, crustaceans can be farmed in a variety of ways. On ropes, in bags or cages, or directly on (or in) tidal substrates. Marine shellfish farming does not require feed, fertilizers, pesticides or antibiotics, making shellfish farming (or “marine farming”) a self-sustaining system. Shellfish can also be used in polyculture techniques where shellfish can utilize waste produced by organisms with higher nutrient levels. One method of marine aquaculture that is widely used across the industry is sea aquaculture. Seeing the effectiveness of this fish production method, it should be installed in the right environment. When practiced in a species-appropriate environment and with the right growing conditions, marine aquaculture can prove to be a viable method of producing crops. Many species have been studied using farms, including salmon, cod, scallops, certain species of shrimp, European lobster, abalone, and sea cucumber. Species raised for marine farming eat the nutrients that occur naturally in the waters where marine pens are established, so no additional artificial feed is required. Typical when using marine farms and sea pens A popular practice is to plant the larvae of plant species at the bottom of the body of water within the enclosure and, as they grow and develop, begin to utilize more of the water column within the sea enclosure. Rearing marine organisms under controlled conditions in high-energy marine environments exposed beyond significant coastal influences is a relatively new approach to marine aquaculture. Attention is focused on how open-sea aquaculture can be combined with offshore energy equipment systems such as wind farms to enable more effective use of the ocean space. Open-ocean aquaculture (OOA) uses moored, towed, or floating cages, nets, and longline arrays. Research and commercial marine aquaculture facilities are in operation or under development in Panama, Australia, Chile, China, France, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico and Norway. As of 2004, two commercial offshore facilities operate in US waters, growing Threadfin near Hawaii and Cobia near Puerto Rico. Recently, operations targeting bigeye tuna received final approval. All commercial facilities in the United States are now located in waters under the jurisdiction of a state or territory.